AP Biology:: Cellular Energetics

What is METABOLISM, at a general biological level?

- **A)** Metabolism refers only to reactions that occur outside of any living organism
- **B)** A term describing only an organism's external physical movement, with no relation to internal chemistry
- **C)** The TOTAL SUM of all the chemical reactions occurring within a living organism, including both building up (anabolic) and breaking down (catabolic) processes
- **D)** A synonym for a single specific enzyme

What is the difference between ANABOLIC and CATABOLIC reactions?

- **A)** ANABOLIC reactions BUILD UP larger, more complex molecules from smaller ones (typically requiring energy INPUT), while CATABOLIC reactions BREAK DOWN larger molecules into smaller ones (typically RELEASING energy)
- **B)** Catabolic reactions always build up larger molecules, while anabolic reactions always break them down (the reverse of the standard terminology)
- **C)** Neither anabolic nor catabolic reactions have any relationship to energy
- **D)** Anabolic and catabolic reactions are always exactly identical, with no meaningful distinction

What is ATP (adenosine triphosphate), and what is its primary biological role?

- **A)** ATP has no actual relationship to providing energy for cellular processes
- **B)** The main ENERGY CURRENCY molecule used by cells to power many cellular processes, releasing usable energy when one of its phosphate bonds is broken
- **C)** ATP's only function is storing a cell's genetic information
- **D)** A synonym for glucose, with no actual distinction between the two molecules

Why is ATP considered a particularly convenient, USABLE form of energy for cells, compared to directly using the energy stored in a molecule like glucose?

- **A)** Cells never actually use ATP for any energy-requiring process
- **B)** ATP and glucose are chemically identical molecules with no distinction
- **C)** ATP contains dramatically MORE total stored energy than an entire glucose molecule
- **D)** ATP releases a relatively SMALL, manageable amount of energy when just ONE of its phosphate bonds is broken (forming ADP), making it easy for cells to couple this energy release directly to specific, immediate cellular processes, rather than needing to handle glucose's larger total stored energy all at once

What is the overall, general EQUATION for CELLULAR RESPIRATION, summarizing how organisms break down glucose to release usable energy?

- **A)** \(C_6H_{12}O_6\ \rightarrow\ 2C_6H_{12}O_6\) (glucose simply duplicating itself)
- **B)** \(6CO_2\ +\ 6H_2O\ +\ energy\ \rightarrow\ C_6H_{12}O_6\ +\ 6O_2\) (the reverse reaction)
- **C)** Cellular respiration has no defined chemical equation of any kind
- **D)** \(C_6H_{12}O_6\ +\ 6O_2\ \rightarrow\ 6CO_2\ +\ 6H_2O\ +\ energy\ (ATP)\)

What is the overall, general EQUATION for PHOTOSYNTHESIS, summarizing how plants convert light energy into stored chemical energy?

- **A)** \(C_6H_{12}O_6\ +\ 6O_2\ \rightarrow\ 6CO_2\ +\ 6H_2O\ +\ energy\) (the reverse reaction)
- **B)** \(6CO_2\ +\ 6H_2O\ +\ light\ energy\ \rightarrow\ C_6H_{12}O_6\ +\ 6O_2\)
- **C)** \(6O_2\ \rightarrow\ 6CO_2\) (a simple conversion with no other reactants or products)
- **D)** Photosynthesis has no defined chemical equation of any kind

Where in a EUKARYOTIC cell does CELLULAR RESPIRATION primarily take place?

- **A)** Cellular respiration does not actually occur within any specific cellular location
- **B)** The chloroplasts, identical to photosynthesis
- **C)** The nucleus
- **D)** The mitochondria (with an initial early stage occurring in the cytoplasm)

Where in a plant cell does PHOTOSYNTHESIS primarily take place?

- **A)** The chloroplasts
- **B)** The mitochondria, identical to cellular respiration
- **C)** The nucleus
- **D)** Photosynthesis does not actually occur within any specific cellular location