AP World History:: Unit 7

World War I (1914-1918), a very significant global military conflict, is generally attributed by historians to a combination of significant long-term and immediate causal factors, most significantly including:

- **A)** World War I's own significant causes having no meaningful, describable relationship to significant nationalist competition, alliance systems, or the broader significant tensions already discussed in an earlier unit's coverage of New Imperialism
- **B)** A single, isolated cause with no meaningful contribution from any other significant factor of any kind, a characterization that significantly oversimplifies the genuinely complex, multi-causal origins of World War I already discussed at multiple points throughout this unit
- **C)** Significant nationalist competition and colonial rivalry (already discussed in an earlier unit's coverage of New Imperialism), a complex system of European military alliances, considerable militarization, and the immediate precipitating assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary in 1914 - this combination of long-term and immediate factors illustrates a further significant example of the genuinely complex, multi-causal origins of significant global conflict already discussed at multiple points throughout this unit
- **D)** A complete absence of any significant international tension of any kind prior to 1914, a characterization that directly contradicts the very significant, well-documented international tensions already discussed at multiple points throughout this unit and an earlier unit's coverage of New Imperialism

The significant system of European military alliances (including the Triple Alliance and Triple Entente) that developed considerably prior to 1914 contributed significantly to the outbreak and rapid escalation of World War I (already discussed above) primarily because:

- **A)** These alliance commitments meant that a significant conflict between two individual states could rapidly draw in each state's own considerable allied powers, transforming what might otherwise have remained a comparatively limited regional conflict into a very significant, considerably broader continental and, ultimately, global war - this significant alliance system illustrates a further significant example of how formal diplomatic and military commitments could directly amplify and accelerate the scale of a significant military conflict already discussed at multiple points throughout this unit
- **B)** This alliance system having no meaningful, describable relationship to significant conflict escalation, or the broader significant causes of World War I already discussed at multiple points throughout this unit
- **C)** These alliance commitments, in fact, significantly limited and contained the conflict's own scale, a characterization that directly reverses this alliance system's own actual, well-documented significant contribution to conflict escalation, rather than containment
- **D)** A system that involved no meaningful military commitment of any kind among the involved European states, a characterization that does not accurately reflect this alliance system's own actual, well-documented significant military commitments

Trench warfare, a significant, characteristic form of prolonged, static military combat during much of World War I (already discussed at multiple points throughout this unit), particularly along the Western Front, is historically notable primarily for:

- **A)** Trench warfare having no meaningful, describable relationship to significant World War I combat conditions, or the broader significant technological and military developments already discussed at multiple points throughout this unit
- **B)** A comparatively rapid, mobile form of military combat, a characterization that directly contradicts trench warfare's own actual, well-documented significant static, prolonged character
- **C)** Combat conditions that generated comparatively minimal casualties, a characterization that significantly understates trench warfare's own actual, well-documented very considerable, often catastrophic casualties
- **D)** Very considerable, prolonged, and static combat, in which opposing armies occupied heavily fortified trench lines separated by a dangerous, heavily contested "no man's land," with new significant military technology (including machine guns, artillery, and poison gas, covered further below in this unit) contributing to very considerable, often catastrophic casualties for comparatively limited territorial gain - trench warfare's own significant, static, and extremely costly character illustrates a further significant example of how significant new military technology could dramatically reshape the broader nature of significant military conflict already discussed at multiple points throughout this unit

Significant new military technology introduced or considerably advanced during World War I (including machine guns, poison gas, tanks, and military aircraft) illustrates:

- **A)** This significant new military technology having no meaningful, describable relationship to significant industrial and technological advancement, or the broader significant consequences of the Second Industrial Revolution already discussed in an earlier unit
- **B)** A further significant example of how the significant industrial and technological developments already discussed in an earlier unit's coverage of the Second Industrial Revolution could be directly applied to military purposes, generating considerably more lethal and destructive warfare than earlier military conflicts, and contributing substantially to the very considerable casualties already discussed above in this unit's coverage of trench warfare - this significant technological application illustrates a further significant example of how industrial technological capability could directly reshape the broader significant scale and character of significant military conflict
- **C)** Technology that generated no meaningful change of any kind in the character or lethality of military conflict, a characterization that significantly understates this significant new military technology's own actual, well-documented very considerable impact on the character and lethality of World War I combat
- **D)** Technology developed entirely independently of any earlier industrial or technological advancement, a characterization that does not accurately reflect this significant new military technology's own actual, well-documented direct connection to the broader Second Industrial Revolution already discussed in an earlier unit

Significant "total war," a term describing the very considerable mobilization of an entire society's own economic, industrial, and human resources toward a significant war effort, is historically notable as a characteristic feature of World War I primarily because it involved:

- **A)** Total war having no meaningful, describable relationship to significant civilian and economic mobilization, or the broader significant societal consequences of World War I already discussed at multiple points throughout this unit
- **B)** A form of warfare confined exclusively to professional military combatants, with no meaningful civilian or broader economic mobilization of any kind, a characterization that directly contradicts total war's own actual, well-documented very considerable civilian and economic mobilization
- **C)** Very considerable government direction of national industrial production toward war-related manufacturing, significant civilian labor mobilization (including, notably, considerably expanded significant female industrial employment, covered further below in this unit, as men were mobilized for direct military combat), and, in several cases, significant government propaganda and censorship - total war's own very considerable societal mobilization illustrates a further significant example of how significant modern industrial military conflict could directly reshape an entire society's own broader economic and social organization, extending well beyond the battlefield itself already discussed at multiple points throughout this unit
- **D)** A form of warfare that generated no meaningful change of any kind in a society's own broader economic or social organization, a characterization that significantly understates total war's own actual, well-documented very considerable economic and social transformation

Significantly expanded female industrial and agricultural employment during World War I, as men were mobilized for direct military combat (already implicit in this unit's earlier coverage of total war above), had which of the following significant later consequences?

- **A)** This significant wartime employment experience contributed to further significant momentum for the women's suffrage movements already discussed in an earlier unit's coverage of the 19th century, as women's own considerable wartime economic contribution strengthened broader significant arguments for expanded women's political rights, with several countries (including Britain and the United States) extending women's suffrage in the years immediately following World War I - this significant connection illustrates a further significant example of how significant total war mobilization could generate considerable further significant social and political consequence extending well beyond the war itself
- **B)** This significant wartime employment having no meaningful, describable relationship to significant later women's suffrage momentum, or the broader significant social consequences of total war already discussed at multiple points throughout this unit
- **C)** A significant decrease, rather than increase, in later momentum for women's suffrage, a characterization that directly reverses this specific historical pattern's own actual, well-documented significant increase, rather than decrease, in suffrage momentum following World War I
- **D)** No meaningful connection of any kind to any later political or social development of any kind, a characterization that significantly understates the genuinely significant, well-documented later political consequences already discussed above

The Armenian Genocide, occurring substantially during World War I under the Ottoman Empire (already discussed in an earlier unit's coverage of significant land-based empires), is historically notable primarily for:

- **A)** The Armenian Genocide having no meaningful, describable relationship to significant mass atrocity during World War I, or the broader significant human cost of significant global conflict already discussed at multiple points throughout this unit
- **B)** The systematic mass killing and forced deportation of a very considerable portion of the Ottoman Empire's own Armenian population, resulting in very significant loss of life - the Armenian Genocide represents one of the most historically significant and severe examples of mass atrocity already discussed at multiple points throughout this unit's broader coverage of significant global conflict, illustrating a further significant example of how significant wartime conditions could enable or accompany very severe, targeted violence against a specific ethnic or religious population, with important further significance for this unit's later coverage of the Holocaust
- **C)** An event that generated no meaningful loss of life of any kind, a characterization that directly contradicts the Armenian Genocide's own actual, well-documented very significant loss of life
- **D)** An event that occurred considerably after, rather than during, World War I, a characterization that inaccurately misplaces the Armenian Genocide's own actual, well-documented substantial World War I-era timing

The Russian Revolution of 1917, resulting in the significant overthrow of the Russian monarchy and, later, the establishment of a significant Bolshevik-led communist government under Vladimir Lenin, is historically notable primarily for:

- **A)** The Russian Revolution having no meaningful, describable relationship to significant Marxist political ideology already discussed in an earlier unit, or the broader significant political consequences of World War I already discussed at multiple points throughout this unit
- **B)** Resulting in a significant restoration, rather than overthrow, of the earlier Russian monarchy, a characterization that directly contradicts the Russian Revolution's own actual, well-documented significant overthrow of the monarchy
- **C)** Establishing a significant government substantially modeled on Adam Smith's own laissez-faire economic philosophy already discussed in an earlier unit, a characterization that directly contradicts the Bolshevik government's own actual, well-documented significant Marxist, rather than laissez-faire, economic ideology
- **D)** Applying the significant Marxist political and economic ideology already discussed in an earlier unit's coverage of Marx and Engels to establish the world's first major significant communist state, substantially precipitated by very considerable Russian wartime hardship, military setbacks, and long-standing significant political and economic grievance - the Russian Revolution's own significant application of Marxist ideology illustrates a further significant example of how World War I's own very considerable strain on participating societies could directly generate very significant further political transformation, connecting to this unit's broader coverage of significant global conflict already discussed at multiple points throughout this unit