AP World History:: Unit 9

Significant globalization, the very considerable increase in economic, cultural, and political interconnection among world regions substantially accelerating during the late 20th and early 21st centuries, is generally attributed by historians to a combination of significant factors, most significantly including:

- **A)** Significant globalization having no meaningful, describable relationship to significant technological and economic interconnection, or the broader significant causal factors already discussed at multiple points throughout this unit
- **B)** A single, isolated cause with no meaningful contribution from any other significant factor of any kind, a characterization that significantly oversimplifies the genuinely complex, multi-causal origins of significant globalization already discussed at multiple points throughout this unit
- **C)** Very significant advances in transportation and communication technology (including air travel and, later, the internet, covered further below in this unit), considerably reduced international trade barriers, and the expansion of multinational corporations and international financial institutions - this combination of factors illustrates a further significant example of the genuinely complex, multi-causal origins of significant global economic and cultural interconnection already discussed at multiple points throughout this unit
- **D)** A complete absence of any significant technological or economic development of any kind contributing to globalization, a characterization that directly contradicts the very significant, well-documented technological and economic developments already discussed at multiple points throughout this unit

The internet and broader digital revolution, developing considerably from the late 20th century onward, contributed significantly to globalization (already discussed above) primarily by:

- **A)** The internet having no meaningful, describable relationship to significant global communication and economic interconnection, or the broader significant technological drivers of globalization already discussed at multiple points throughout this unit
- **B)** Enabling near-instantaneous global communication, information sharing, and financial transaction at an unprecedented scale, considerably extending this curriculum's earlier coverage of the telegraph, radio, and television already discussed at multiple points throughout earlier units - the internet's own significant communication capability illustrates a further significant example of how new communication technology could directly generate very considerable further global economic and cultural interconnection, substantially accelerating the broader globalization already discussed at multiple points throughout this unit
- **C)** Considerably slowing, rather than accelerating, global communication and economic interconnection, a characterization that directly reverses the internet's own actual, well-documented significant acceleration of global communication and economic interconnection
- **D)** A technology confined exclusively to a single country, with no meaningful broader global application of any kind, a characterization that significantly understates the internet's own actual, well-documented very considerable broader global application

Multinational corporations, significant business enterprises operating across multiple countries, contributed substantially to significant globalization primarily by:

- **A)** Multinational corporations having no meaningful, describable relationship to significant global economic interconnection, or the broader significant drivers of globalization already discussed at multiple points throughout this unit
- **B)** Operating exclusively within a single country, with no meaningful cross-border economic activity of any kind, a characterization that directly contradicts multinational corporations' own actual, well-documented specific cross-border operational character
- **C)** Considerably decreasing, rather than increasing, global economic interconnection, a characterization that directly reverses multinational corporations' own actual, well-documented significant contribution to increased, rather than decreased, global economic interconnection
- **D)** Establishing very considerable production, distribution, and commercial operations across multiple countries, directly connecting global supply chains, labor markets, and consumer markets in a manner considerably extending this curriculum's earlier coverage of the global division of labor already discussed in an earlier unit's coverage of industrialization - multinational corporations' own significant cross-border operations illustrate a further significant example of how significant private economic institutions could directly drive considerable further global economic interconnection already discussed at multiple points throughout this unit

The World Trade Organization (WTO) and its own significant predecessor, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), are historically notable primarily for:

- **A)** Establishing significant international frameworks and negotiated agreements substantially aimed at reducing tariffs and other trade barriers among member countries, considerably facilitating expanded international trade - these significant international institutions illustrate a further significant example of how deliberate international diplomatic and economic cooperation could directly facilitate the broader globalization already discussed at multiple points throughout this unit, complementing this unit's broader coverage of multinational corporations and new communication technology already discussed above
- **B)** The WTO and GATT having no meaningful, describable relationship to significant international trade facilitation, or the broader significant institutional drivers of globalization already discussed at multiple points throughout this unit
- **C)** Institutions substantially aimed at increasing, rather than reducing, tariffs and trade barriers among member countries, a characterization that directly reverses these institutions' own actual, well-documented emphasis on reducing, rather than increasing, trade barriers
- **D)** Institutions established considerably before, rather than after, World War II, a characterization that inaccurately misplaces these specific institutions' own actual, well-documented post-World War II origin

The European Union, a significant regional economic and political organization that developed considerably over the second half of the 20th century, is historically notable primarily for:

- **A)** The European Union having no meaningful, describable relationship to significant regional economic and political integration, or the broader significant post-World War II European cooperation already discussed at multiple points throughout an earlier unit's coverage of the Marshall Plan
- **B)** A complete absence of any significant economic or political integration among member states of any kind, a characterization that directly contradicts the European Union's own actual, well-documented very considerable economic and political integration
- **C)** Achieving very considerable economic and, to a lesser degree, political integration among a considerable number of European states, including a shared currency (the euro) adopted by several member states and considerably reduced barriers to trade, travel, and labor movement among member states - the European Union's own significant regional integration illustrates a further significant example of how the broader post-World War II impulse toward international cooperation (already discussed in an earlier unit's coverage of the Marshall Plan and the United Nations) could develop into a genuinely deep, institutionalized regional economic and political integration
- **D)** An organization confined exclusively to a single European country, a characterization that significantly understates the European Union's own actual, well-documented broader multi-national European membership

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank, significant international financial institutions established following World War II, are historically notable primarily for:

- **A)** The IMF and World Bank having no meaningful, describable relationship to significant international economic development and financial stability, or the broader significant post-World War II international institutional framework already discussed at multiple points throughout an earlier unit
- **B)** Providing significant international financial assistance and loans substantially intended to promote economic development and financial stability among member countries, particularly within developing and newly independent states already discussed at multiple points throughout an earlier unit's coverage of decolonization - these significant international financial institutions illustrate a further significant example of the broader post-World War II international institutional framework already discussed in an earlier unit's coverage of the United Nations, extending this framework specifically into international economic cooperation and development
- **C)** Institutions that provide no meaningful financial assistance of any kind to member countries, a characterization that directly contradicts these institutions' own actual, well-documented very considerable financial assistance
- **D)** Institutions established considerably before, rather than after, World War II, a characterization that inaccurately misplaces these specific institutions' own actual, well-documented post-World War II origin

Significant anthropogenic (human-caused) climate change, substantially resulting from very considerable greenhouse gas emissions accumulated substantially since the Industrial Revolution (already discussed in an earlier unit), is historically notable primarily for illustrating:

- **A)** Significant climate change having no meaningful, describable relationship to significant industrial greenhouse gas emissions, or the broader significant long-term environmental consequences of industrialization already discussed in an earlier unit
- **B)** A phenomenon entirely unrelated to human industrial activity of any kind, a characterization that does not accurately reflect the very significant, well-documented scientific consensus already discussed at multiple points throughout this unit regarding human industrial activity's own significant contribution to climate change
- **C)** A phenomenon that generates no meaningful global consequence of any kind, a characterization that significantly understates significant climate change's own actual, well-documented very considerable global environmental, economic, and social consequences
- **D)** A further significant, long-term global consequence of the very considerable industrial and economic transformation already discussed at multiple points throughout an earlier unit's coverage of industrialization, illustrating how considerable greenhouse gas emissions accumulated substantially since the Industrial Revolution have generated very significant, global environmental consequences, prompting significant international diplomatic efforts (covered further below in this unit) to address this shared global challenge - significant climate change illustrates a further significant example of how industrialization's own considerable economic benefits already discussed in an earlier unit could generate very severe, long-term unintended global environmental consequence

The Kyoto Protocol (1997) and the later Paris Agreement (2015), significant international diplomatic agreements substantially aimed at addressing significant climate change (already discussed above), are historically notable primarily for:

- **A)** Representing significant international diplomatic efforts to establish coordinated, multilateral commitments among participating countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and address the broader significant global environmental consequences already discussed above - these significant agreements illustrate a further significant example of how the broader post-World War II international institutional framework already discussed in an earlier unit's coverage of the United Nations could be extended specifically to address significant shared global environmental challenges, even as achieving full, effective international cooperation and compliance has, in practice, proven considerably difficult
- **B)** These agreements having no meaningful, describable relationship to significant international climate diplomacy, or the broader significant global environmental consequences of industrialization already discussed at multiple points throughout this unit
- **C)** Agreements that achieved complete, immediate, universal compliance from every participating country with no meaningful practical difficulty of any kind, a characterization that overstates these agreements' own actual, well-documented considerable practical challenges in achieving full international cooperation and compliance
- **D)** Agreements confined exclusively to a single country, with no meaningful international, multilateral scope of any kind, a characterization that significantly understates these agreements' own actual, well-documented broader international, multilateral scope