AP European History:: Unit 2

Martin Luther, a significant German theologian, is historically notable primarily for:

- **A)** Significantly initiating the Protestant Reformation in 1517 by publishing his own significant "Ninety-Five Theses," which critiqued certain contemporary Catholic Church practices (particularly the sale of indulgences), ultimately leading to a very significant, lasting religious and political division within Western Christianity - Luther's own significant critique illustrates a further significant example of how the earlier Christian humanist critique of certain Church practices (already discussed in an earlier unit's coverage of Erasmus) could develop into a considerably more decisive, lasting religious rupture
- **B)** Luther's own significant critique having no meaningful, describable relationship to significant Catholic Church reform, or the broader significant origins of the Protestant Reformation already discussed at multiple points throughout this unit
- **C)** A theologian who significantly supported and actively defended the sale of indulgences with no meaningful critique of any kind, a characterization that directly contradicts Luther's own actual, well-documented significant critique of this specific practice
- **D)** A significant Catholic Church official who never faced any meaningful religious or political consequence of any kind for his own theological positions, a characterization that significantly understates the very significant, well-documented religious and political consequences Luther's own theological positions generated

The significant sale of indulgences, a Catholic Church practice substantially critiqued by Martin Luther (already discussed above), involved:

- **A)** The sale of indulgences having no meaningful, describable relationship to significant Catholic Church practice regarding the remission of temporal punishment for sin, or the broader significant critique already discussed above
- **B)** The Church granting a reduction in the temporal punishment believed to be due for sin, at times in exchange for a monetary payment, a practice Luther and other significant reformers argued represented a corrupt commercialization of religious salvation, contrary to their own significant theological emphasis on salvation through faith alone (already implicit in this unit's broader coverage of Reformation theology) - the sale of indulgences illustrates a further significant example of the specific Catholic Church practice that provided immediate, significant occasion for Luther's own significant critique already discussed above
- **C)** A practice that involved no meaningful monetary transaction of any kind, a characterization that does not accurately reflect this specific practice's own actual, well-documented monetary component that reformers found particularly objectionable
- **D)** A practice that Luther and other reformers significantly supported and defended with no meaningful critique of any kind, a characterization that directly contradicts the well-documented reformist critique of this practice already discussed above

The significant Protestant theological principles of "sola fide" (faith alone) and "sola scriptura" (scripture alone), substantially articulated by Martin Luther (already discussed above), are historically notable primarily for:

- **A)** These significant theological principles having no meaningful, describable relationship to significant Protestant theological distinction from Catholic doctrine, or the broader significant origins of the Protestant Reformation already discussed at multiple points throughout this unit
- **B)** Emphasizing that salvation depended substantially on Church-mediated sacraments and clergy authority, a characterization that directly contradicts these principles' own actual, well-documented emphasis on faith and scripture, rather than Church-mediated sacraments and clergy authority alone
- **C)** Principles that Luther considered of only minor theological importance, a characterization that significantly understates these principles' own actual, well-documented very considerable theological centrality to Luther's own broader reform movement
- **D)** Articulating that individual salvation depended substantially on faith in God's own grace, rather than on Church-mediated works or sacraments alone, and that scripture (the Bible), rather than Church tradition or papal authority alone, represented the ultimate significant source of religious authority - these significant theological principles illustrate a further significant example of how Luther's own significant theological reform directly challenged existing Catholic Church doctrine and institutional authority already discussed at multiple points throughout this unit

The Diet of Worms (1521), a significant imperial assembly at which Martin Luther (already discussed above) was called to answer for his own theological positions, is historically notable primarily for:

- **A)** Resulting in Luther's own refusal to recant his own theological positions and his own subsequent formal condemnation as a heretic by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, considerably escalating the significant religious and political conflict already discussed at multiple points throughout this unit - the Diet of Worms illustrates a further significant example of how Luther's own significant theological challenge directly generated very considerable formal political and religious confrontation with existing imperial and Church authority
- **B)** The Diet of Worms having no meaningful, describable relationship to significant Luther's own confrontation with imperial and Church authority, or the broader significant escalation of the Protestant Reformation already discussed at multiple points throughout this unit
- **C)** Resulting in Luther's own complete recantation of his own theological positions, a characterization that directly contradicts Luther's own actual, well-documented significant refusal to recant
- **D)** An assembly convened considerably before, rather than after, Luther's own 1517 publication of the Ninety-Five Theses already discussed above, a characterization that inaccurately reverses the actual, well-documented chronological order of these related historical events

The Peace of Augsburg (1555), a significant agreement among German princes and the Holy Roman Emperor, is historically notable primarily for:

- **A)** The Peace of Augsburg having no meaningful, describable relationship to significant German religious political settlement, or the broader significant political consequences of the Protestant Reformation already discussed at multiple points throughout this unit
- **B)** Establishing complete, universal religious toleration for all individual German subjects regardless of their own prince's own religious affiliation, a characterization that does not accurately reflect this significant agreement's own actual, well-documented specific principle of prince-determined, rather than individual, religious choice
- **C)** Establishing the significant principle of "cuius regio, eius religio" ("whose realm, his religion"), allowing each individual German prince to determine whether Lutheranism or Catholicism would be the officially recognized religion within his own particular territory - the Peace of Augsburg illustrates a further significant example of how German political authorities attempted to manage the very considerable religious division already discussed at multiple points throughout this unit through formal political agreement, even though this settlement did not include Calvinism (covered further below in this unit) and ultimately did not prevent further significant religious conflict
- **D)** An agreement that resolved German religious conflict permanently with no meaningful further significant religious conflict of any kind, a characterization that overstates this significant agreement's own actual, well-documented temporary, rather than permanent, resolution, given the later significant Thirty Years' War covered further below in this unit

John Calvin, a significant Protestant reformer substantially active in Geneva during the 16th century, is historically notable primarily for developing the significant theological doctrine of:

- **A)** Calvin's own significant theological doctrine having no meaningful, describable relationship to significant Protestant theological development, or the broader significant spread of Protestant reform movements already discussed at multiple points throughout this unit
- **B)** Predestination, holding that God had already determined, prior to an individual's own birth, whether that individual would ultimately achieve salvation, a doctrine that considerably influenced the broader Reformed (Calvinist) Protestant tradition that developed and spread considerably across parts of Europe, including France (where Calvinists were termed Huguenots, covered further below in this unit), Scotland, and the Netherlands - Calvin's own significant theological doctrine illustrates a further significant example of the genuinely varied theological directions the broader Protestant Reformation could take beyond Luther's own particular theological emphasis already discussed above
- **C)** A doctrine holding that individual salvation depended entirely on an individual's own later good works, with no meaningful role for divine predetermination of any kind, a characterization that directly contradicts Calvin's own actual, well-documented significant emphasis on predestination
- **D)** A doctrine developed considerably before, rather than during, the 16th century, a characterization that inaccurately misplaces Calvin's own actual, well-documented specific 16th-century theological context

Huldrych Zwingli, a significant Swiss Protestant reformer substantially active in Zurich, is historically notable primarily for:

- **A)** Zwingli's own significant reform activity having no meaningful, describable relationship to significant Swiss Protestant reform, or the broader significant spread of Protestant theological ideas already discussed at multiple points throughout this unit
- **B)** Significantly rejecting any meaningful Protestant theological reform of any kind, a characterization that directly contradicts Zwingli's own actual, well-documented significant Protestant reform activity
- **C)** A significant reformer active substantially in Germany, rather than Switzerland, a characterization that inaccurately misidentifies Zwingli's own actual, well-documented specific Swiss, Zurich-based context
- **D)** Leading a significant, somewhat independently-developed Protestant reform movement in Zurich, sharing certain significant theological similarities with Luther's own reform movement already discussed above while also differing on certain specific theological points (including the nature of the Eucharist) - Zwingli's own significant reform movement illustrates a further significant example of how Protestant reform ideas could develop somewhat independently across different specific European regions, contributing to the broader theological diversity already discussed at multiple points throughout this unit's coverage of the Protestant Reformation

The Anabaptists, a significant, more radical wing of the broader Protestant Reformation, are historically notable primarily for:

- **A)** Advocating adult, rather than infant, baptism (reflecting their own significant theological emphasis on individual, conscious religious commitment), and, in several cases, pursuing significant broader social and political reform, generating very considerable persecution from both Catholic and mainstream Protestant authorities alike - the Anabaptists' own significant, more radical theological and social positions illustrate a further significant example of the genuinely diverse theological directions the broader Protestant Reformation could take, extending well beyond the more moderate reform positions of Luther and Calvin already discussed at multiple points throughout this unit
- **B)** The Anabaptists having no meaningful, describable relationship to significant radical Protestant reform, or the broader significant theological diversity of the Protestant Reformation already discussed at multiple points throughout this unit
- **C)** A group that advocated infant, rather than adult, baptism, a characterization that directly contradicts the Anabaptists' own actual, well-documented specific emphasis on adult baptism
- **D)** A group that experienced no meaningful persecution of any kind from either Catholic or mainstream Protestant authorities, a characterization that significantly understates the very significant, well-documented persecution the Anabaptists actually experienced