AP European History:: Unit 7

Considering the three significant, at times competing political ideologies that emerged considerably during the 19th century (conservatism, liberalism, and nationalism), significant political conservatism during this period generally emphasized:

- **A)** Political conservatism having no meaningful, describable relationship to significant traditional political and social order, or the broader significant ideological competition already discussed at multiple points throughout this unit
- **B)** Radical, revolutionary political change, a characterization that directly contradicts conservatism's own actual, well-documented emphasis on preserving, rather than radically changing, traditional political and social order
- **C)** Complete political equality with no meaningful traditional social hierarchy of any kind, a characterization that does not accurately reflect conservatism's own actual, well-documented emphasis on preserving traditional social hierarchy, rather than eliminating it
- **D)** Preserving traditional political and social institutions (including monarchy, established religion, and existing social hierarchy), and generally expressing considerable skepticism toward the rapid, radical political change already discussed in an earlier unit's coverage of the French Revolution - 19th-century political conservatism illustrates a further significant example of the genuinely varied ideological responses that developed in reaction to the significant revolutionary political changes already discussed in an earlier unit

Political liberalism during the 19th century, distinct from significant political conservatism already discussed above, generally emphasized:

- **A)** Significant individual liberty, constitutional and representative government, and, at times, expanded political rights (though often still limited by property or gender qualifications), drawing considerably on the earlier Enlightenment political principles already discussed in an earlier unit - 19th-century political liberalism illustrates a further significant example of the genuinely varied ideological responses that developed during this period, generally favoring more gradual, institutional political reform rather than either conservatism's own preservation of traditional hierarchy or, at times, more radical revolutionary approaches
- **B)** 19th-century liberalism having no meaningful, describable relationship to significant individual liberty or constitutional government, or the broader significant ideological competition already discussed at multiple points throughout this unit
- **C)** Preserving traditional monarchical authority with no meaningful expansion of political rights of any kind, a characterization that does not accurately reflect liberalism's own actual, well-documented emphasis on expanded political rights, distinguishing it from conservatism already discussed above
- **D)** Complete, unlimited political rights for every individual regardless of property or gender, a characterization that overstates 19th-century liberalism's own actual, well-documented practical limitations, since expanded political rights under most 19th-century liberal political programs remained limited by property or gender qualifications

Nationalism, a significant political ideology that developed considerably during the 19th century, generally emphasized:

- **A)** Nationalism having no meaningful, describable relationship to significant shared cultural, linguistic, or ethnic identity, or the broader significant political unification movements already discussed at multiple points throughout this unit
- **B)** A significant sense of shared cultural, linguistic, ethnic, or historical identity among a specific population, often used to justify political claims for self-determination or unification into a single significant political state - 19th-century nationalism illustrates a further significant example of the genuinely varied ideological developments already discussed at multiple points throughout this unit, and it provided important further significant motivation for the political unification movements covered further below in this unit, particularly the unification of Italy and Germany
- **C)** A complete rejection of any meaningful cultural or ethnic identity of any kind, a characterization that directly contradicts nationalism's own actual, well-documented emphasis on shared cultural and ethnic identity
- **D)** Exclusively religious, rather than cultural or ethnic, identity, a characterization that does not accurately reflect nationalism's own actual, well-documented broader emphasis on cultural, linguistic, and ethnic, in addition to at times religious, identity

The significant Revolutions of 1848, a wave of significant political uprisings across much of Europe, illustrate:

- **A)** The Revolutions of 1848 having no meaningful, describable relationship to significant liberal and nationalist political aspiration, or the broader significant ideological competition already discussed at multiple points throughout this unit
- **B)** A wave of uprisings confined exclusively to a single European country, a characterization that significantly understates the Revolutions of 1848's own actual, well-documented very considerable geographic scope across much of Europe
- **C)** A further significant example of the broader significant liberal and nationalist political aspirations already discussed at multiple points throughout this unit, as various European populations sought expanded political rights, constitutional government, and, in several cases, national unification or self-determination - though most of the individual uprisings that comprised the Revolutions of 1848 were ultimately suppressed or achieved only limited immediate success, they illustrate a further significant example of the genuinely widespread appeal significant liberal and nationalist political ideas had achieved across Europe by the mid-19th century
- **D)** Uprisings that achieved uniformly complete, lasting political success across every affected European country, a characterization that overstates these uprisings' own actual, well-documented generally limited or temporary success in most affected countries

The unification of Italy, substantially achieved during the mid-19th century under the significant leadership of figures such as Giuseppe Garibaldi and Camillo di Cavour, illustrates:

- **A)** Italian unification having no meaningful, describable relationship to significant 19th-century nationalism, or the broader significant political unification movements already discussed at multiple points throughout this unit
- **B)** A unification process that involved no meaningful military or diplomatic activity of any kind, a characterization that does not accurately reflect Italian unification's own actual, well-documented significant military and diplomatic activity
- **C)** A unification process that occurred considerably before the broader 19th-century nationalist movement already discussed above, a characterization that inaccurately misplaces Italian unification's own actual, well-documented mid-19th-century timing, consistent with the broader nationalist movement of this period
- **D)** A further significant example of the broader significant 19th-century nationalist political movement already discussed above, in which a shared sense of Italian cultural and historical identity provided significant motivation for the political unification of previously separate Italian states and territories into a single significant unified Italian nation-state - Italian unification illustrates a further significant example of how nationalist political ideology could directly generate considerable practical political transformation

Giuseppe Mazzini, a significant Italian nationalist and revolutionary, is historically notable primarily for:

- **A)** Mazzini's own significant activism having no meaningful, describable relationship to significant Italian nationalist ideology, or the broader significant Italian unification movement already discussed at multiple points throughout this unit
- **B)** Significantly promoting Italian nationalist and republican political ideology substantially through his own significant organization "Young Italy," advocating for Italian political unification and, notably, a republican, rather than monarchical, political structure - Mazzini's own significant ideological contribution illustrates a further significant example of the genuinely varied specific visions different Italian nationalist leaders held for a unified Italy, contrasting with Cavour's own different, more monarchical approach already discussed at multiple points throughout this unit
- **C)** Significantly opposing any meaningful Italian political unification, a characterization that directly contradicts Mazzini's own actual, well-documented significant advocacy for Italian unification
- **D)** A significant German, rather than Italian, nationalist figure, a characterization that inaccurately misidentifies Mazzini's own actual, well-documented Italian origin and context

The unification of Germany, substantially achieved during the mid-to-late 19th century under the significant leadership of Otto von Bismarck (Chancellor of Prussia), illustrates a further significant example of 19th-century nationalism already discussed above, notably achieved substantially through:

- **A)** A combination of significant Prussian military strength (illustrated by several significant, deliberately provoked military conflicts, including wars against Denmark, Austria, and France) and significant diplomatic strategy, substantially orchestrated by Bismarck - German unification's own significant reliance on military and diplomatic strategy, sometimes summarized using Bismarck's own phrase "blood and iron," illustrates a further significant example of how 19th-century nationalist political unification could be achieved through considerable calculated military and diplomatic strategy, in addition to this unit's earlier coverage of Italian unification's own comparable, if not fully identical, combination of nationalist sentiment and strategic political and military action
- **B)** German unification having no meaningful, describable relationship to significant Prussian military and diplomatic strategy, or the broader significant nationalist political unification movements already discussed at multiple points throughout this unit
- **C)** A process achieved entirely through peaceful diplomatic negotiation, with no meaningful military conflict of any kind, a characterization that does not accurately reflect German unification's own actual, well-documented significant military conflict, including wars against Denmark, Austria, and France
- **D)** A process led substantially by Austria, rather than Prussia, a characterization that inaccurately reverses German unification's own actual, well-documented Prussian, rather than Austrian, leadership

The Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871), a significant military conflict substantially between France and Prussia, is historically notable primarily for:

- **A)** The Franco-Prussian War having no meaningful, describable relationship to significant German unification, or the broader significant Bismarckian diplomatic and military strategy already discussed above
- **B)** Resulting in a significant French, rather than Prussian, military victory, a characterization that directly reverses this specific conflict's own actual, well-documented significant Prussian, rather than French, victory
- **C)** A conflict that generated no meaningful consequence of any kind for German political unification, a characterization that significantly understates this specific conflict's own actual, well-documented very significant consequence for German unification
- **D)** Resulting in a significant, decisive Prussian-led German military victory over France, directly precipitating the final significant political unification of Germany under Prussian leadership, formally proclaimed at Versailles itself - the Franco-Prussian War illustrates a further significant example of how a specific, decisive military conflict already discussed at multiple points throughout this unit could directly complete a significant nationalist political unification project